Significance of Cu-Fe₃O₄ on fractional Maxwell fluid flow over a cone with Newtonian heating

The goal of this research is to investigate fractional Maxwell hybrid nanofluids utilizing partial differential equations in terms of Caputo time fractional derivatives. Specifically, the effect of Newtonian heating on the thermal performance of a fractional Maxwell hybrid nanofluid moving over a permeable cone in the presence of thermal radiation and heat generation is considered. The Crank–Nicolson method and L1 algorithmt of Caputo derivative are used to find numerical solutions to the considered nonlinear problem. The effects of significant flow factors on fluid properties are examined and illustrated in various graphs. According to the results, the thermal performance of the fluid raised by 0.4%, 6.1%, and 3.1% on adding 4% volume fraction of Fe3O4, Cu, and Cu−Fe3O4, respectively, in the base fluid.本研究旨在采用基于卡普托时间分数阶导数（Caputo time fractional derivatives）的偏微分方程，对分数阶麦克斯韦杂化纳米流体展开研究。具体而言，本研究探讨了热辐射与内热源共存条件下，流过多孔圆锥的分数阶麦克斯韦杂化纳米流体的热性能受牛顿加热的影响规律。针对所构建的非线性问题，本研究采用克兰克-尼科尔森方法（Crank–Nicolson method）与卡普托导数的L1算法（L1 algorithm）求解其数值解。研究人员对关键流动参数对流体物性的影响规律进行了分析，并通过多组图表进行了可视化呈现。结果表明，当基液中分别添加4%体积分数的四氧化三铁（Fe3O4）、铜（Cu）以及铜-四氧化三铁（Cu−Fe3O4）纳米颗粒时，流体的热性能分别提升了0.4%、6.1%与3.1%。