Spatio-Temporal Data for Modeling the Settlement Organisation and Cultural Change of the Otomani-Füzesabony Cultural Complex in Slovakia

The Otomani-Füzesabony Cultural Complex (OFCC) spanned a vast territory of the Eastern Carpathian Basin. Several previous studies indicated its complicated and unclear chronological relationships with certain pottery styles. The regional variation of the OFCC is based on differences in material culture, burial customs and complex landscape organisation of settlements. Therefore in this study, we used spatio-temporal modelling techniques to analyse the OFCC settlement structure and rate of cultural change with an emphasis on several macroregions in Eastern Slovakia. A quantitative statistical approach (spatio-temporal modelling, Kruskal-Wallis test, principal component analysis) was used to combine a broad range of archaeological and palaeoecological evidence in the space-time continuum.
In order to capture regional variability, within the relative chronological dating, Reinecke’s periodisation scheme was used instead of individual internal chronological systems of the OFCC. Information about sites (location, dating and type) was gathered from the literature, excavation and survey reports, as well as using existing databases (Tóth 2014; Oravkinová 2018). The database was managed in LibreOffice Calc, with the component as the central registration unit. Absolute chronology of individual Reinecke’s stages (used for spatio-temporal modelling) was adapted based on existing literature. Spatio-temporal modelling was performed on all sites using LibreOffice Calc, showing a gradual transformation of relative-chronological data into a timescale (Crema 2012; Kolář et al. 2015). Taking into account the duration of the OFCC pottery style, the data was modelled within 200 years’ timescale. Environmental analyses (altitude, soil types, cost distance to water and sources of copper, tin and gold) were analysed using QGIS software; values were extracted using ‘Point Sampling Tool’. Secondary information layers (cost distance to water and metal sources) were derived from the digital elevation model with the resolution 30x30 m (Tóth 2014: 106–108). The fertility of soils has been based on the most recent research (Lieskovský et al. 2015: table 4.2). We analysed the components with a clearly defined sitting within the surrounding landscape. During statistical tests, regional characteristics were taken into account.
The results illustrate clearly the dynamic relationship between OFCC sites and the surrounding landscape across centuries. Isolated micro-regional communities had functioned independently, however concurrently they were collectivised within an extensive supra-regional and trans-tribal networks of connections sprawling far beyond the scope of any individual community. Gathered evidence suggests that access to water passes and proximity of metal ores were the key elements in structuring the OFCC settlement hierarchies and landscape transformations in the Bronze Age Slovakia.

奥托马尼-菲泽绍博尼文化复合体（Ottomani-Füzesabony Cultural Complex, OFCC）的分布范围覆盖东喀尔巴阡盆地的广袤区域。既往多项研究表明，该文化复合体与部分陶器类型之间存在复杂且模糊的年代学关联。OFCC的区域差异基于物质文化、丧葬习俗以及定居点复杂景观布局的差异。因此，本研究采用时空建模技术，对OFCC的定居点结构与文化变迁速率展开分析，重点聚焦斯洛伐克东部的多个宏观区域。本研究采用定量统计方法（时空建模、克鲁斯卡尔-沃利斯检验、主成分分析），将大量考古学与古生态学证据整合至时空连续体之中。
为捕捉区域变异特征，在相对年代断代框架下，本研究采用赖内克分期方案，而非OFCC自身的内部年代体系。遗址相关信息（位置、年代与类型）从文献、发掘与调查报告中收集，并依托现有数据库（Tóth 2014; Oravkinová 2018）进行补充。数据库通过LibreOffice Calc进行管理，以遗址组分为核心登记单元。赖内克各阶段的绝对年代序列（用于时空建模）基于现有文献进行适配调整。所有遗址的时空建模均通过LibreOffice Calc完成，实现了相对年代数据向时间标尺的逐步转换（Crema 2012; Kolář et al. 2015）。结合OFCC陶器风格的存续时长，本研究将数据建模于200年的时间标尺之内。环境分析（海拔、土壤类型、到水源及铜、锡、金矿产资源的成本距离）通过QGIS地理信息系统软件完成；数据提取采用点采样工具（Point Sampling Tool）。次级信息图层（到水源与金属矿产资源的成本距离）源自分辨率为30×30米的数字高程模型（Tóth 2014: 106–108）。土壤肥力数据基于最新研究成果（Lieskovský et al. 2015: table 4.2）。本研究对在周边景观中具有明确坐落位置的遗址组分展开分析，统计检验过程中充分考虑区域特征。
研究结果清晰揭示了数百年间OFCC遗址与周边景观之间的动态关联。孤立的微区域社群曾独立运作，但与此同时，它们也被纳入了覆盖范围远超单个社群的超区域、跨部落联系网络之中。现有证据表明，通往水路要道的可达性以及金属矿石的邻近性，是塑造青铜时代斯洛伐克地区OFCC定居点等级体系与景观变迁的核心要素。