Productive procrastination: Academic procrastination style predicts academic and alcohol outcomes.

Using a person-centered analysis, we identified adaptive and maladaptive procrastination styles associated with academic and alcohol outcomes in a sample of 1106 college undergraduates. Productive procrastination is defined by the replacement of one adaptive behavior with another adaptive—albeit less important—behavior (e.g., organizing notes instead of studying for an exam). Cluster analysis identified five unique academic procrastination styles—non-procrastinators, academic productive procrastinators, non-academic productive procrastinators, non-academic procrastinators (high levels of unproductive and productive non-academic procrastination) and classic procrastinators. Controlling for gender, procrastination style predicted alcohol-related problems, risk of alcohol use disorders, and GPA (all ps < .01). Academic productive procrastinators and non-procrastinators reported the most positive academic and alcohol outcomes. Non-academic procrastinators reported lower GPA, more alcohol-related problems and increased risk of alcohol use disorders. Non-academic procrastinators’ lower GPA was mediated by alcohol cravings and alcohol-related problems, as measured by AUDIT and RAPI scores. These findings suggest that certain maladaptive styles of procrastination may be a useful risk indicator for preventative and intervention efforts.

通过对个体为中心的分析，我们识别出与学术和酒精相关结果相关的适应性和非适应性拖延风格，研究对象为一组1106名大学生。生产性拖延被定义为将一种适应性行为替换为另一种适应性——尽管不那么重要——的行为（例如，整理笔记而不是为考试学习）。聚类分析确定了五种独特的学术拖延风格——非拖延者、学术生产性拖延者、非学术生产性拖延者、非学术拖延者（高水平的非生产性和生产性非学术拖延）以及经典拖延者。在控制性别的情况下，拖延风格预测了与酒精相关的问题、酒精使用障碍的风险以及GPA（所有p值均小于.01）。学术生产性拖延者和非拖延者报告了最积极的学术和酒精结果。非学术拖延者报告了较低的GPA、更多的与酒精相关的问题以及增加的酒精使用障碍风险。非学术拖延者较低的GPA由酒精渴望和酒精相关问题所中介，这些通过AUDIT和RAPI评分进行测量。这些发现表明，某些非适应性拖延风格可能是有用的风险指标，对于预防性干预措施具有实际意义。