Supplementary Material for: Effects of Cognitive Training in Flanker Task on Mobility of Older Adults: A Randomized Controlled Trail

Introduction: Cognitive function is considered to be correlated with the older adults’ mobility. Flanker task, reflecting the conflict resolution, is barely explored as a simple approach to train the elderly’s cognitive function. Hence, the first aim of this study is to explore the effect of cognitive intervention adopting flanker task on mobility. The second aim of this study is to assess the effect of cognitive training by comparing it with physical training to disclose how much dosage of cognitive training can have the equal improvement of mobility with physical training. Methods: 232 older adults (age, mean ± SD: 66.16 ± 7.08, female: 74.3%) were retrained and assigned into three groups (cognitive intervention group, physical exercise intervention group, and control group). The intervention lasted for 22 weeks (cognitive intervention: flanker task, 30 min per session, 3 sessions a week; physical exercise intervention: 30 min muscle and balance training session, twice a week, and 30 min daily walking and housework, 2-4 times a week). Grip strength, 30-s chair-stand test, single leg balance with eye closed, and the timed “Up & Go” (TUG) were used as indicators of mobility. A mixed model analysis of variance (ANOVA), interaction effect, and simple effect were performed in statistical analysis. Results: Both intervention groups improved mobility, and the results were similar behaviorally. However, the exercise intervention group performed better in 30-s chair-stand test (25.14±0.67 vs. 23.71±0.76 with p=0.01) and single leg balance with eye closed (8.15±0.69 vs. 6.14±0.43 with p<0.001). Discussion/ Conclusion: 22-week cognitive intervention (for total 1980 min) could improve the elderly’s mobility to the similar extent of mild to moderate physical exercises (1320 min of functional muscle and balance training and 1980 daily physical activities), which ascertained the far transfer effects from cognition to untrained mobility domain and found a comparable dosage of cognitive and physical exercise training.引言：认知功能被认为与老年人的移动能力密切相关。侧抑任务（Flanker Task）作为反映冲突解决能力的经典范式，目前鲜有被用作训练老年人认知功能的简易手段开展相关研究。因此，本研究首要目标是探究采用侧抑任务的认知干预对老年人移动能力的影响；其二，本研究通过将认知训练与体育训练进行对照，旨在明确可达到与体育训练同等移动能力提升效果的认知训练剂量。 方法：共纳入232名老年人（年龄均值±标准差：66.16±7.08，女性占比74.3%），并将其分配至三组：认知干预组、体育锻炼干预组与对照组。本次干预周期为22周：其中认知干预采用侧抑任务，每次训练30分钟，每周3次；体育锻炼干预包含每周2次、每次30分钟的肌肉与平衡训练，以及每周2-4次、每次30分钟的日常步行与家务活动。本研究选取握力、30秒坐站试验、闭眼单腿站立试验以及计时起立行走试验（Timed Up & Go, TUG）作为移动能力的评估指标。统计分析采用混合效应方差分析（ANOVA），并对交互效应与简单效应进行检验。 结果：两组干预均能改善老年人的移动能力，且行为学结果无显著差异。但体育锻炼干预组在30秒坐站试验（25.14±0.67 vs. 23.71±0.76，p=0.01）与闭眼单腿站立试验（8.15±0.69 vs. 6.14±0.43，p<0.001）中的表现更优。 讨论/结论：本次为期22周的认知干预（总时长1980分钟）可将老年人的移动能力提升至与轻中度体育训练（1320分钟功能性肌肉与平衡训练+1980分钟日常体力活动）相当的水平，这证实了认知训练向未经过训练的移动能力领域的远迁移效应，并明确了可与体育训练达到同等效果的认知训练剂量。