1H NMR metabolomic and transcriptomic analyses reveal urinary metabolites as biomarker candidates in response to protein undernutrition in adult rats

1H NMR metabolomics was performed on urine samples weekly and on plasma and liver samples collected at week 4 from these animals, to identify metabolites that respond to protein undernutrition. To further investigate metabolites which were fluctuated in response to protein undernutrition in terms of metabolic enzymes, hepatic mRNA microarray and quantitative PCR analyses were also performed at week 4.