RAW DATA-System Design of a Learning Framework for Enhancing Undergraduates’ Critical Thinking in Personalized Learning Environments

The development of Critical Thinking (CT) in online learning environments has gained increasing attention in educational research. However, most existing studies focus on isolated technological tools, with limited exploration of integrated platforms that combine pedagogy and technology. This study addresses this gap by designing and validating a Personalized Learning Environments-based Critical Thinking (PLEs-CT) platform to support CT development in undergraduates. The platform was informed by the Real-World Practice-based Critical Thinking (RWP-CT) framework and constructed using the Integration Definition for Function Modeling (IDEF0) approach. A quasi-experimental study was conducted at a comprehensive university in eastern China with 40 second-year English majors. Data were collected through pre- and post-intervention surveys and interviews with 12 participants. Statistical results showed significant improvements in overall CT (p