Sublethal effects of photoactive engineered nanomaterials on filamentous bacteriophage infection and <em>E. coli</em> gene expression in freshwater

Wide application and release of engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) into the environment require an understanding of their potential ecological impacts, particularly under real environmental conditions. Previously, we reported that low doses of photoactive ENMs exert significant sublethal stress on bacterial outer membranes under light in a freshwater medium, potentially increasing bacterial susceptibility to environmental stress and viral infection, and promoting microbial evolution and diversity. However, little is known about how ENMs may affect bacteriophage infection under environmental conditions. In this study, we investigated how two common photoactive ENMs, n-TiO2 and n-Ag, and their mixtures, on the infection of a filamentous coliphage, bacteriophage f1, at environmentally relevant concentrations under freshwater conditions, particularly by affecting cell surface structures (outer membrane and F-pili) and properties (zeta potential), and by altering the gene expression of the host..., , # **Sublethal effects of photoactive engineered nanomaterials on filamentous bacteriophage infection and** ***E. coli*** **gene expression in freshwater** Dataset DOI: [10.5061/dryad.1zcrjdg3r](10.5061/dryad.1zcrjdg3r) ## Description of the data and file structure ### Files and variables #### File: Pearson_coefficient.R **Description:** This file includes coding using R to calculate Pearson's Correlation Coefficient between phage infection (raw data in \"Phage_infection_data.xlsx\") and outer membrane permeability (raw data will be provided upon requested as it was from a previous study cited in \"Related works\") with different ENMs treatment. #### File: NMDS.R **Description:** This file includes coding using R to generate NMDS (Non-metric Multidimensional Scaling) plots of all measurements in the study (phage infection, relative gene expression, and outer membrane permeability) generated by R. The raw data of phage infection can be found in \"Phage_infection_data.xlsx\", gene expres...,