Moderate precipitation reduction enhances nitrogen cycling and soil nitrous oxide emissions in a semi-arid grassland
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The ongoing climate change is predicted to induce more weather extremes such as frequent drought and high-intensity precipitation events, causing more severe drying-rewetting cycles in soil. However, it remains largely unknown how these changes will affect soil nitrogen (N)-cycling microbes and the emissions of potent greenhouse gas nitrous oxide (N<sub>2</sub>O). Utilizing a field precipitation manipulation in a semi-arid grassland on the Loess Plateau, we examined how precipitation reduction (ca. −30%) influenced soil N<sub>2</sub>O and carbon dioxide (CO<sub>2</sub>) emissions in field, and in a complementary lab-incubation with simulated drying-rewetting cycles. Results obtained showed that precipitation reduction stimulated plant root turnover and N-cycling processes, enhancing soil N<sub>2</sub>O and CO<sub>2</sub> emissions in field, particularly after each rainfall event. Also, high-resolution isotopic analyses revealed that field soil N<sub>2</sub>O emissions primarily originated from nitrification process. The incubation experiment further showed that in field soils under precipitation reduction, drying-rewetting stimulated N mineralization and ammonia-oxidizing bacteria in favor of genera <em>Nitrosospira</em> and <em>Nitrosovibrio</em>, increasing nitrification and N<sub>2</sub>O emissions. These findings suggest that moderate precipitation reduction, accompanied with changes in drying-rewetting cycles under future precipitation scenarios, may enhance N cycling processes and soil N<sub>2</sub>O emissions in semi-arid ecosystems, feeding positively back to the ongoing climate change.
