Summary of southern hemisphere phenological data by region.

N is the number of datasets with a span of at least 10 years of data; 1208 data sets in total. N* is the number of datasets where trends over time [days/decade] were assessed – the three columns (earlier, later and no change [i.e. trend was calculated but was not considered statistical significant]; confidence level as reported in original papers, generally 5% level) sum to N*. Notes: * subantarctic regions under the jurisdiction of South America, Africa and Australia are included in Antarctic/subantarctic (e.g. Marion Island, Falkland Islands, Macquarie Island). † Freshwater species comprise Ardeidae (bitterns, herons and egrets), Anatidae (ducks and geese), Podicipedidea (grebes), Anhingidae (darters), and Phalacrocoracidae (cormorants). Marine species comprise penguins, seals, terns, gulls, albatrosses, petrels and shearwaters. § Range is based on 5th to 95th percentiles.