Longitudinal Associations: Change Score Analyses.

Sample: Women and men aged 50–90, longitudinal sample for 2006 and 2012 waves. The sample excludes those giving oral responses in 2006. Change score = score in 2012 minus the score in 2006 for the same individual. Abbreviations: PF = physical functioning, MH = mental health, SDT = Symbol-Digit Test (cognition). The change score analysis draws on these SF-12 sub-dimensions instead of the composite indicators PCS and MCS, because the latter are orthogonal by construction, inducing a negative correlation of the change scores [48]. Significance levels *** p<0.001 **p<0.01. Longitudinal Associations: Change Score Analyses.