PHYSIOLOGICAL MECHANISMS OF HORMONAL REGULATION OF GLUCOSE METABOLISM AND ENERGY HOMEOSTASIS

Glucose metabolism and energy homeostasis are fundamental physiological processes that ensure the continuous supply of energy to cells and maintain metabolic stability. These processes are regulated by complex interactions between the endocrine system, nervous system, and peripheral metabolic tissues. Insulin, glucagon, catecholamines, cortisol, growth hormone, and incretin hormones play essential roles in maintaining glucose concentrations and coordinating energy utilization. This article examines the physiological mechanisms underlying hormonal regulation of glucose metabolism, emphasizing pancreatic endocrine function, hepatic glucose production, peripheral glucose uptake, and neuroendocrine control. The study is based on a theoretical analysis of established physiological and endocrinological literature. The analysis demonstrates that glucose homeostasis depends on the coordinated regulation of insulin secretion, counterregulatory hormonal responses, and tissue-specific metabolic activity. Understanding these mechanisms is essential for explaining the pathophysiology of insulin resistance, obesity, metabolic syndrome, and diabetes mellitus.