Hypoxanthine phosphoribosyl transferase 1 metabolizes temozolomide to activate AMPK for chemoresistance of glioblastomas

AUTHOR CONTRIBUTIONSX.Q., Z.L., and Y.Y. conceived and designed the study and interpreted the results. J.Y., X.F.W., X.G., F.D., Z.S., and Z.G. performed most of the experiments; G.H. and N.Z. performed the HPLC and mass spectrometry. D.C. provided support on MGMT analyses. J.Z., Y.C., and J.J. provided support on clinical analyses. S.A. and X.X.W. provided glioblastoma stem cells and technical supports. F.L., Q.W., and Q.Z. provided advices and regeants. X.Q. wrote the manuscript with comments from all authors.