Molecular biology methods and technologies have advanced substantially over the past decade. These new molecular methods should be incorporated among the standard tools of planetary protection and cou
Bioburden analysis of cleanroom and spacecraft hardware samples: D: cleanroom wipe samples. The number of colony forming units (CFU) of heat-shock surviving microorganisms is given. CFU total reflects
Whole genome sequencing and annotation has allowed planetary protection (PP) engineers to assess the functional capabilities of microorganisms isolated from spacecraft hardware and associated surfaces