Characteristics of amino-acid replacements under positive selection in the C₄ lineages of Amaranthaceae.

aAmino acid (AA) numbering is based on the spinach sequence after [63]. bSide chain type changes. Types abbreviations: H – hydrophobic; N – nonpolar aliphatic; P – polar uncharged; U – hydrophilic (after [64]). cHydropathicity difference [65]. dPolarity difference [66]. evan der Waals volume difference [67]. fSolvent accessibility calculated using the spinach structure (pdb file 1RBO) by CUPSAT [44]. gOverall stability of the protein predicted using the spinach structure (pdb file 1RBO) by CUPSAT [44]. DS – destabilizing, S – stabilizing. hRFPS – relative frequency of the particular residue to be under positive selection in C3 plants. Data from 112 rbcL datasets with detected positive selection from [6]. iPercentage of C3 and C4 species that have ‘C4’ amino acid among the 95 C3 species and 84 C4 species of Amaranthaceae analysed. jInteractions in which the selected residues and/or residues within 5 Å of them are involved. ID – intradimer interactions; DD – dimer-dimer interactions (after [63]).