Coughlin et al. Cardiovascular Medicine 2026.pdf

The results of this study indicate that CKMS is widespread in the general U.S. population, especially among older cohorts born before 1940 and during the 1940s, 50s, and 60s. Except for the three younger cohorts, born in the 1980s, 90s, and 2000 or later, the prevalence of CKMS stages 3/4 was significantly higher among males than in females. Among those born between the 1950s and 1990s, the prevalence was significantly higher among non-Hispanic Blacks compared to their non-Hispanic white counterparts. Across all birth decades, prevalence of CKMS stages 3/4 was generally higher among those without a college degree, from a low-income household, and residing in rural areas. These prevalence rate estimates will further understanding of the burden and unique needs of different population groups in improving cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic health across the life course.