EARLY DIAGNOSIS OF CARDIAC TISSUE INJURY AND REGENERATIVE CARDIOLOGY: STEM CELL-BASED RESTORATION STRATEGIES

Cardiovascular diseases continue to represent the leading cause of mortality worldwide. Myocardial infarction results in irreversible loss of cardiomyocytes that conventional therapeutic approaches are unable to fully restore, given that the adult human heart lacks meaningful self-renewal capacity. This article reviews the diagnostic value of contemporary biomarkers used in the early detection of cardiac tissue injury — including high-sensitivity cardiac troponin I (cTnI), B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP), and the emerging next-generation biomarker cardiac myosin-binding protein C (cMyC) — alongside a scientific analysis of regenerative cardiology strategies based on mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), and embryonic stem cells (ESCs). Conclusions were drawn from clinical trials, systematic reviews, and meta-analyses published between 2015 and 2024, sourced from PubMed, Web of Science, and Google Scholar. Findings indicate that cTnI and cMyC enable detection of cardiac injury at very early stages — even before clinical symptoms become apparent. Clinical trials confirmed that stem cell-based therapy holds significant potential for improving left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF) and reducing infarct size. Nevertheless, barriers to clinical translation — including the absence of standardized protocols, ethical constraints, and limited follow-up durations — remain unresolved challenges.