Combinatorial knockout of RARa, RARß, and RAR? completely abrogates transcriptional responses to retinoic acid in murine embryonic stem cells

All-trans retinoic acid (ATRA) alters gene expression in CCE WT embryonic stem cells, but has no effect on gene expression in RAR-deficient TKO cells (devoid of Retinoic Acid Receptors a, ß, and ?) Overall design: Murine Embryonic Stem Cells (WT and RAR-deficient TKO cells) were treated with vehicle (ETOH) or all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA, 1uM) and expression profiling was performed by RNAseq