Thermal plasticity in protective wing pigmentation is modulated by genotype and food availability in an insect model of seasonal polyphenism

Phenotypic variation in natural populations results from complex interactions between organisms and their changing environments. The environment shapes both phenotypic frequencies (during adaptation) and organismal phenotypes (through phenotypic plasticity). Developmental plasticity, in particular, refers to the phenomenon whereby an organism’s phenotype depends on the environmental conditions during development. It can match phenotype to ecological conditions and help organisms to cope with environmental heterogeneity, including differences between alternating seasons. Experimental studies of developmental plasticity often focus on the impact of individual environmental cues and do not take explicit account of genetic variation. In contrast, natural environments are complex, comprising multiple variables with combined effects that are poorly understood and may vary among genotypes. We investigated the effects of multifactorial environments on the development of the seasonally plastic e..., For this study we used B. anynana specimens from a previous full-factorial split-brood experiment (doi: 10.1002/ece3.718) examining variation in various life-history traits in relation to two thermal environments, two nutritional treatments, and 28 families (corresponding to different genotypes). An image of one wing of each individual was analysed with custom Mathematica notebooks that allowed the definition and measurement of a wing transect, which we used as a proxy for wing size, and of the diameter of the eyespot included in that transect, which we used as our measurement of eyespot size. We tested the effects of genotype, temperature, and nutrition, as well as interactions between them on eyespot size, with wing size as covariate. We also calculated and analysed the slopes of the thermal and nutritional reaction norms for eyespot size. More details can be found in the Materials and Methods section of the paper these data correspond to., , # Thermal plasticity in protective wing pigmentation is modulated by genotype and food availability in an insect model of seasonal polyphenism. [https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.stqjq2cb8](https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.stqjq2cb8) ## Description of the data and file structure Our experimental animals include female and male progeny (variable “sex” with F or M, respectively) from 28 families (variable “genotype” with identification number of the family) reared at one of two temperatures (variable “temperature” with 20 or 27 corresponding to 20°C or 27°C, respectively) and one of two food quantity treatments (variable “nutrition” with “control” or “limited”). An image of one wing of each individual was analyzed with custom Mathematica notebooks that allowed the definition and measurement of a wing transect, which we used as a proxy for wing size, and of the diameter of the eyespot included in that transect, which we used as our measurement of eyespot size. Measurements were obtained as num...自然种群中的表型变异源于生物与其动态变化的环境之间的复杂相互作用。环境既可（在适应过程中）塑造表型频率，也可通过表型可塑性（phenotypic plasticity）塑造生物个体的表型。其中，发育可塑性（developmental plasticity）特指生物表型依赖于发育阶段所处环境条件的现象。该机制可使表型匹配生态环境，帮助生物应对环境异质性，包括交替季节间的环境差异。发育可塑性的实验研究往往聚焦于单一环境线索的影响，并未明确纳入遗传变异的考量。与之相对，自然环境极为复杂，包含多种具有联合效应的变量，这些变量的交互效应尚未被充分阐明，且可能因基因型不同而存在差异。本研究探究了多因素环境对季节性可塑性昆虫e... 本研究使用了此前一项全因子分群（full-factorial split-brood）实验（doi: 10.1002/ece3.718）中的B. anynana标本，该实验针对28个家系（对应不同基因型）在两种温度环境、两种营养处理下的多种生活史性状变异展开研究。我们通过自定义Mathematica笔记本程序分析了每只个体的单侧翅膀图像，定义并测量了翅横截面积（以此作为翅大小的替代指标）以及该截面上眼斑（eyespot）的直径（以此作为眼斑大小的测量指标）。我们以翅大小作为协变量，检验了基因型、温度、营养及其交互作用对眼斑大小的影响，并计算分析了眼斑大小的温度与营养反应规范（reaction norms）斜率。更多细节可参见对应论文的"材料与方法"部分。 《保护性翅色素的热可塑性受基因型与食物可获得性调控——季节性多型现象（seasonal polyphenism）昆虫模型》 https://doi.org/10.5061/dryad.stqjq2cb8 ## 数据与文件结构说明 本实验所用动物为28个家系的雌性与雄性后代（变量"性别"取值为F或M，分别对应雌性、雄性；变量"基因型"以家系识别号标识），所有个体均在两种温度条件（变量"温度"取值为20或27，分别对应20℃或27℃）与两种食物量处理（变量"营养"取值为"对照"或"限制"）下饲养。我们通过自定义Mathematica笔记本程序分析了每只个体的单侧翅膀图像，定义并测量了翅横截面积（以此作为翅大小的替代指标）以及该截面上眼斑的直径（以此作为眼斑大小的测量指标）。测量数据以num...起始。