Delineating Origins of Stereocontrol in Asymmetric Pd-Catalyzed α-Hydroxylation of 1,3-Ketoesters

Systematic studies of reaction conditions and subsequent optimization led to the identification of important parameters for stereoselectivity in the asymmetric α-hydroxylation reaction of 1,3-ketoesters. Enantioselectivities of up to 98% can be achieved for cyclic substrates and 88% for acyclic ketoesters. Subsequently, the combination of cyclic/acyclic ketoester, catalyst, and oxidant was found to have a profound effect on reaction rates and turnover-limiting steps. The stereochemistry of the reaction contradicts that observed for other similar electrophilic substitution reactions. This was rationalized by transition-state modeling, which revealed a number of cooperative weak interactions between oxidant, ligand, and counterion, together with C−H/π interactions that cumulatively account for the unusual stereoselectivity.