Data from: Land use intensity indirectly affects ecosystem services mainly through plant functional identity in a temperate forest

1.Land-use change is known to affect biodiversity, and there is increasing concern regarding how these changes may impact the provision of ecosystem services. Although functional composition (diversity and identity) could influence ecosystem properties and services at the community level, there is little quantitative understanding of these relationships in the field. Here, we evaluate the direct and indirect effects (through ecosystem properties) of biodiversity on the provision of multiple ecosystem services in native mixed forest in north-west Patagonia, and how land-use intensity influences these relationships. 2.We used structural equation modeling to test hypotheses regarding the relationship between understory plant functional composition, two ecosystem properties, four ecosystem services, and silvopastoral use intensity. We also evaluated two alternative models to assess the mechanism behind biodiversity and ecosystem properties relationships (biomass ratio and niche complementarity). Finally, we performed pairwise correlations to identify synergies and trade-offs between ecosystem services. 3.Silvopastoral use intensity affected functional composition, and the provision of three out of four ecosystem services was indirectly affected by land-use intensity through changes in ecosystem properties. We found that this indirect effect of biodiversity on ecosystem services happens mainly through changes in functional identity rather than functional diversity. Under increasing land-use intensity, functional composition changed towards a community characterized by a resource acquisition strategy. Trade-offs between ecosystem services (provisioning vs. regulating) were enhanced under high silvopastoral use intensity, while synergies where enhanced under low silvopastoral use intensity (provisioning vs. cultural). Thus, although the strength of these relationships varied between silvopastoral use intensities, its nature (trade-off or synergy) stayed the same. 4.Our results expand on previous studies by simultaneously considering the effect of land-use intensification directly on functional composition and on the ecosystem processes underpinning ecosystem services, as well as on the relationship among them. We provide evidence of an indirect effect of land-use intensification on multiple ecosystem services through biodiversity. Moreover, we found that functional identity is more important than diversity for ecosystem functionality. Land-use intensification affects biodiversity, and thus, ecosystem properties, but does not change the relationship among ecosystem services.1. 众所周知，土地利用变化会影响生物多样性，学界对此类变化如何影响生态系统服务（ecosystem services）供给的关注度与日俱增。尽管功能组成（多样性与功能型）可在群落层面影响生态系统属性与服务，但目前针对野外场景下二者的关联，尚缺乏定量认知。本研究以巴塔哥尼亚西北部的原生混交林为研究对象，评估了生物多样性对多种生态系统服务供给的直接影响，以及通过生态系统属性介导的间接影响，同时解析了土地利用强度对这些关联的调控作用。 2. 本研究采用结构方程模型（structural equation modeling），检验了林下植物功能组成、两类生态系统属性、四项生态系统服务与林牧复合经营（silvopastoral）强度之间的关系假说。同时，我们还评估了两种备选模型，以解析生物多样性与生态系统属性关联背后的作用机制——生物量比（biomass ratio）假说与生态位互补（niche complementarity）效应。最后，我们通过两两相关性分析，识别了生态系统服务间的协同与权衡关系。 3. 研究结果显示，林牧复合经营强度会改变植物功能组成，且四项生态系统服务中有三项的供给，会通过土地利用强度引发的生态系统属性变化，间接受到其调控。我们发现，生物多样性对生态系统服务的这类间接影响，主要是通过功能型的变化而非功能多样性介导的。随着土地利用强度提升，植物群落的功能组成逐渐向以资源获取策略为特征的类群转变。在高林牧复合经营强度下，生态系统服务间的权衡关系（供给服务与调节服务）会被强化；而在低林牧复合经营强度下，生态系统服务间的协同关系（供给服务与文化服务）则会被强化。由此可见，尽管这些关联的强度会随林牧复合经营强度发生变化，但其本质（权衡或协同）并未发生改变。 4. 本研究结果拓展了既往研究的范畴，首次同时考量了土地利用集约化对植物功能组成、支撑生态系统服务的生态系统过程的直接影响，以及三者之间的相互关系。我们提供了土地利用集约化通过生物多样性对多种生态系统服务产生间接影响的实证证据。此外，我们还发现，相较于功能多样性，功能型对生态系统功能的调控作用更为显著。土地利用集约化会影响生物多样性，进而作用于生态系统属性，但并不会改变生态系统服务之间的固有关系。