Data from: Morphological, ecological and genetic aspects associated with endemism in the Fly Orchid group

The European genus Ophrys (Orchidaceae) is famous for its insect-like floral morphology, an adaptation for a pseudocopulatory pollination strategy involving Hymenoptera males. A large number of endemic Ophrys species have recently been described, especially within the Mediterranean Basin, which is one of the major species diversity hotspots. Subtle morphological variation and specific pollinator dependence are the two main perceptible criteria for describing numerous endemic taxa. However, the degree to which endemics differ genetically remains a challenging question. Additionally, knowledge regarding the factors underlying the emergence of such endemic entities is limited. To achieve new insights regarding speciation processes in Ophrys, we have investigated species boundaries in the Fly Orchid group (Ophrys insectifera sensu lato) by examining morphological, ecological and genetic evidence. Classically, authors have recognized one widespread taxon (O. insectifera) and two endemics (O. aymoninii from France and O. subinsectifera from Spain). Our research has identified clear morphological and ecological factors segregating among these taxa; however, genetic differences were more ambiguous. Insights from cpDNA sequencing and amplified fragment length polymorphisms genotyping indicated a recent diversification in the three extant Fly Orchid species, which may have been further obscured by active migration and admixture across the European continent. Our genetic results still indicate weak but noticeable phylogeographic clustering that partially correlates with the described species. Particularly, we report several isolated haplotypes and genetic clusters in central and southeastern Europe. With regard to the morphological, ecological and genetic aspects, we discuss the endemism status within the Fly Orchid group from evolutionary, taxonomical and conservation perspectives.欧洲眉兰属（Ophrys，兰科Orchidaceae）以其类昆虫的花部形态而闻名，这类形态是对一种依托膜翅目（Hymenoptera）雄性昆虫的伪交配传粉策略的适应性演化。近年来已有大量眉兰属特有物种被发表，尤其是在作为物种多样性热点区域之一的地中海盆地范围内。细微的形态变异与专一的传粉者依赖，是描述众多特有分类群的两大主要可辨识标准。然而，这些特有类群的遗传分化程度仍是一个颇具挑战性的科学问题。此外，学界对这类特有类群起源背后的驱动因子的认知仍较为有限。为深入解析眉兰属的物种形成过程，本研究通过整合形态学、生态学与遗传学证据，对蝇兰类群（Ophrys insectifera sensu lato）的物种边界展开了探究。传统分类学研究中，学界已确认1个广布分类群（O. insectifera）以及2个特有类群：产自法国的O. aymoninii与产自西班牙的O. subinsectifera。本研究明确了区分这些类群的清晰形态与生态学特征，但遗传分化的结果则相对模糊。基于叶绿体DNA（cpDNA）测序与扩增片段长度多态性（amplified fragment length polymorphisms, AFLP）基因分型的分析结果显示，这3种现存蝇兰类群近期发生了快速分化，而欧洲大陆范围内活跃的基因流与遗传渐渗可能进一步掩盖了其遗传分化信号。尽管如此，本研究的遗传学结果仍显示出微弱但可辨识的系统地理学聚类模式，且该模式与已发表的物种分类划分存在部分相关性。尤为值得注意的是，我们在中欧与东南欧地区发现了多个孤立的单倍型与遗传聚类簇。最后，本研究结合形态学、生态学与遗传学证据，从演化、分类学与生物多样性保护的视角，探讨了蝇兰类群内的特有化现状。