HHHP-WWY30: a 30 m annual winter wheat yield dataset for the Huang–Huai–Hai Plain, China, 2001–2024

HHHP-WWY30 v1.0 provides annual 30 m gridded estimates of winter wheat yield across the Huang–Huai–Hai Plain (HHHP), China, for 2001–2024. Yield is reported in kg ha−1 at the pixel level and is intended to support analyses of long-term yield variability, spatial yield heterogeneity, agricultural production monitoring, food-security assessment, and precision agriculture. The dataset was generated using a physics-guided hybrid framework that couples the WOFOST crop growth model with the SCOPE canopy radiative transfer model and the SMAC atmospheric radiative transfer model. The coupled WOFOST–SCOPE–SMAC system was used to simulate winter wheat growth, final yield, and corresponding Landsat-like top-of-atmosphere (TOA) reflectance under diverse combinations of meteorological conditions, soil types, crop varieties and agro-managements. Stage-specific TOA spectral indicators derived from the simulations were used to train gated recurrent unit (GRU) models, which were subsequently applied to Landsat TOA observations to produce annual yield maps. The product was evaluated using 536 plot-level winter wheat yield observations collected during 2017–2022 and 2024, as well as prefecture-level statistical yield data for 2001–2023. At the plot level, the estimates achieved R² = 0.79, RMSE = 640.71 kg/ha, and mean relative error = 7.59 %. At the regional level, they achieved R² = 0.67, RMSE = 839.79 kg/ha, and mean relative error = 13.07 %. Users should note that uncertainties may be greater in high-yield areas and in regions where cultivar characteristics, management practices, atmospheric conditions, or sensor observation geometry differ from those represented in the modelling framework. The dataset should therefore be used with the accompanying documentation and uncertainty information.