Agroecological farming, flowering phenology and the pollinator-herbivore-parasitoid nexus regulate non-crop plant reproduction

Agroecological farming uses crop and non-crop plant biodiversity to promote beneficial insects supplying pollination and biocontrol services to crops. Non-crop plants (sown or weeds) are integral to supporting these beneficial insect species interactions. How the uplift of biotic complexity by agroecological management (crop diversification, ecological infrastructure) influences mutualistic and antagonistic insect interactions regulating the reproduction of non-crop plants remains less understood. Using a pesticide-free farm-scale (125 ha) agroecological experiment, we tested how the individual reproduction of pollinator-dependent, non-crop plant species with different flowering phenology (Cyanus segetum, Centaurea jacea) and their mutualistic (pollinator) and antagonistic (seed herbivore–parasitoid) insect interactions were affected by agroecological practices. Seed set and species interactions of replicate C. segetum and C. jacea randomly introduced to field margins was correlated w...农业生态耕作（agroecological farming）依托作物与非作物植物生物多样性，培育可为作物提供授粉服务与生物防治服务的益虫种群。非作物植物（包括人工播种植物或杂草）是支撑这些益虫物种互作不可或缺的组成部分。然而，通过农业生态管理手段（如作物多样性种植、生态基础设施建设）提升的生物复杂性（biotic complexity），如何调控互利与拮抗昆虫互作（mutualistic and antagonistic insect interactions）、进而影响非作物植物的繁殖，目前仍鲜有研究阐明。 本研究依托一处无农药农场尺度（125公顷）的农业生态试验，探究两类具有不同开花物候（flowering phenology）的依赖授粉的非作物植物物种——矢车菊（Cyanus segetum）与草地矢车菊（Centaurea jacea）——的个体繁殖表现，以及其与传粉者的互利互作、与种子食草动物-寄生蜂（seed herbivore–parasitoid）的拮抗互作如何受农业生态实践的影响。 随机种植于农田边际带的重复样株矢车菊（C. segetum）与草地矢车菊（C. jacea）的结实量（seed set）及物种互作情况，与……相关。