Pre-defined motion and time factors of the three manipulations.

Rotation: rotating needle thumb forward for 0.5 s and thumb backward for 0.5 s 10 times during 10 s; reinforcing LT: thrusting needle for 0.5 s and lifting for 1.5 s 10 times during 20 s; reducing LT: thrusting needle for 1.5 s and lifting for 0.5 s 10 times during 20 s. The depth of needle was targeted at 15 mm for every manipulation.*Ratios of times were rotation, TF time to TB time = 1:1; reinforcing LT, thrusting time to lifting time = 3:1; and reducing LT, lifting time to thrusting time = 3:1.Pre-defined motion and time factors of the three manipulations.