Newland sea slate area

The southwestern sea valley area covers a large part of Zeeland and the South Holland islands. It is classified chronologically in old and new land. The new country includes the eastern part of Schouwen-Duiveland, the northern part of Tholen, St. Philipsland, a small part of Walcheren, North Beveland, the western and eastern parts of South Beveland, and most of Zeeuwsch-Vlaanderen. From the middle of the 13rd century, dikes were no longer built so much to defend existing land, but also to gain “new” land. Washing up are plates or aprons that arise in the middle of the water under the influence of the tidal action. Washing up are slibbing against already embanked land. In Nieuwlandpolders there are often remains of creeks, which were closed from the outside water at the dike. The Newland Polders are more sludged and less riveted than the Old Land Polders and are therefore relatively high in the landscape. The soil structure is much more uniform than that of the Oudlandpolders. The habitation in the New Land Polders was not tied to certain high-lying parts; the polders were flat and had good natural drainage. As a result, a large part of the country could also be used for arable farming (e.g. grain, flax, potatoes and sugar beet) and fruit cultivation. Only the lowest parts along the creeks were used as grassland. The arrangement of the polder is usually rational: a rectangular, relatively large-scale plotting with straight roads. The farms were built in the polders, the newly founded settlements concentrated along the roads and dikes (road and dike villages). From the 15th century, front street villages were built. Several polders have been flooded several times. Major floods have been the storm surges of 1134, 1248, 1375, 1421 (Second Elisabeth Flood), 1530/32 (North Beveland and South Beveland), 1570 (Land of Saeftinghe) and 1953. Welen and creeks indicate in the current landscape where the dikes have broken through. In response to the floods, inlay dikes were built. The inlay dike was laid in places where the existing dike threatened to break through. The area between this dike and the old seawall is called inlay. Inlays mainly occur where a deep stream channel walked right along the dike and where the subsoil was weak (young sea sand). To strengthen dikes, clay was often excavated from the layers and thus elongated pees were created, separated by dams. Since this clay was drained with carts, these areas are called cart fields. In the 19th century, the landscape of the Newland Polders was influenced locally by the construction of railways, canals and dams, later followed the inundation of 1953 and the large-scale reparations.西南海谷区域涵盖泽兰省（Zeeland）与南荷兰省（South Holland）诸岛的大部分范围。该区域按时间顺序可划分为老圩田与新圩田片区。新圩田片区涵盖斯豪文-迪弗兰德（Schouwen-Duiveland）东部、托伦（Tholen）北部、圣菲利普斯兰（St. Philipsland）、瓦尔赫伦（Walcheren）小部区域、北贝弗兰（North Beveland）、南贝弗兰（South Beveland）东西两部，以及泽兰-佛兰德斯（Zeeuwsch-Vlaanderen）的大部分区域。自13世纪中叶起，修筑海堤的目的不再仅为防护已有的围垦土地，同时也为了获取"新"的围垦土地。潮汐作用下于水域中部形成的淤积滩或淤积裙即为冲淤堆积；贴附于已围垦土地的淤积物则为岸滩淤积。在新兰德圩田（Nieuwlandpolders）中，常可见潮沟遗迹，这类潮沟曾通过海堤与外水隔绝。新兰德圩田相较于老圩田（Oudlandpolders），淤积程度更高、裂隙更少，因此在地貌中相对较高；其土壤结构也远比老圩田更为均一。新圩田区域的聚落并不依附于特定的高岗地带，该区域圩田地势平坦且自然排水条件优良，因此大部分土地可用于旱作农业（如谷物、亚麻、马铃薯与甜菜）以及果树栽培，仅沿潮沟分布的最低洼区域被用作草地。圩田的布局通常较为规整：采用矩形、相对大规模的地块划分，搭配笔直的道路。农场建于圩田内部，新建聚落则沿道路与海堤集中分布，即沿路沿堤村落。自15世纪起，临街村落开始兴起。有多座圩田曾多次遭受洪涝。重大洪涝事件包括1134年、1248年、1375年、1421年（第二次伊丽莎白风暴潮）、1530/1532年（影响北贝弗兰与南贝弗兰区域）、1570年（塞夫廷厄地区）以及1953年的风暴潮灾害。当前地貌中的洼坑（Welen）与潮沟，可用于定位海堤溃决的位置。为应对洪涝灾害，人们修筑了嵌入式海堤（inlay dikes）：嵌入式海堤修筑于现有海堤可能发生溃决的区域，该海堤与原有海堤之间的区域被称为嵌入区（inlay）。嵌入区主要分布于深水道紧贴海堤、且下层土壤（年轻海砂）较为薄弱的区域。为加固海堤，人们常从土层中开挖黏土，由此形成了由堤坝分隔的长条状取土坑。由于这类黏土曾通过牛车外运，这些区域被称为牛车转运场。19世纪，新兰德圩田的地貌局部受到铁路、运河与堤坝修筑的影响；此后又经历了1953年的洪涝灾害与大规模灾后修复工程。