Source mapping 2003-2005 Volume 2

This final report documents the ecologically extended source mapping of the Gesäuse National Park (Obersteiermark, Austria) between 2003 and 2005. The 2003 and 2004 preliminary reports are integrated and do not have to be excerpted by interested parties. The mapped area covers the entire national park area (taking into account the cost-benefit factor in terms of accessibility) at the time of Regulation 2005. A total of 848 water points, of which 616 spring exits, 27 shrinkages or leakages and 107 ponds were measured with GPS-piles and verified using high-resolution orthophotos. They are beside some basic hydrogeological parameters also characterised by a number of hydrobiological labels. For the documentation was the structure of the laboratory database of the National Park oö. Limestone Alps adopted and adapted. The sources of the gutter come to a large extent from the typical north-eastern Alpine Karstmilieu, but also large areas of dolomite, layer boundary springs and moraine and alluvial springs shape. A small part of the springs originate from the Paleozoic of the Grey Wacken Zone. The mapped sources have consistently small to medium bulks, only a few karst source districts exceed the 100-second mark. However, many sources are promising from a source ecological point of view, richly equipped with microhabitats and mostly untouched. 9 % of the mapped springs are used in some form, mostly as grazing or path wells, and adversely affected by varying degrees. Damaged springs can also be found in the representative area of the alpine pastures and on the forest roads. For a total of 96 sources and source horizons, further studies (initial surveys) in hydrochemistry, microbiology and source biology (Zoobenthos) were proposed, 39 of which were recommended for long-term monitoring. First source monitoring campaigns were launched in autumn 2004 and 2005 with the specialist team of the National Park oö. Limestone Alps. From 29 sources, we have determined a total of 43 standard parameters of drinking water analysis and documented initial limnological-zoological surveys. The water analyses confirm the very good quality of the spring water. From a microbiological point of view, however, 80 percent of the sources would only have been suitable for human enjoyment with reservation or not at all. But this is the normal case in the karst of the Northern Limestone Alps, as we know from numerous comparison areas. The first biozoenic surveys confirmed the high nature conservation value, but also demonstrated severe impairments, to be read at the succession of the spring species in the direction of Bach and Tümpelbiozönoses. The fauna composition is typical alpine, but many sources have a great autonomy in the species spectrum. A found plecopterene species in the upper Sulzkar is an initial detection. Other new species cannot be ruled out in this insect group, but also in hydrobiides (source snails) and water mites.本最终报告记录了2003年至2005年间奥地利上施蒂利亚州格绍厄国家公园（Gesäuse National Park）的生态扩展水源测绘工作。2003年与2004年的初步报告已整合至本报告，相关方可无需另行摘录。测绘范围覆盖2005年条例生效时的整个国家公园区域（已结合可达性评估成本效益因素）。研究团队通过GPS桩共测量了848个水体点位，其中包括616个泉眼出口、27处渗流或泄漏点以及107个池塘，并通过高分辨率正射影像完成验证。除部分基本水文地质参数外，这些点位还附带了多项水生物学表征指标。本次文档编制采用并适配了上奥地利州石灰岩阿尔卑斯国家公园（National Park oö. Limestone Alps）的实验室数据库架构。 该区域溪谷的水源在很大程度上源自典型的东北阿尔卑斯喀斯特生境，同时也分布有大片白云岩区域、层界泉、冰碛泉与冲积泉。仅有少量水源源自灰色瓦肯岩带的古生代地层。本次测绘的水源规模普遍偏小至中等，仅有少数喀斯特泉域的出水量超过100升每秒。从水源生态学视角来看，多数水源具有较高研究价值，拥有丰富的微生境且基本未受干扰。本次测绘的泉眼中有9%以某种形式被人类利用，多数作为牧场饮水井或步道取水点，并受到不同程度的负面影响。在高山牧场典型区域与林道沿线，也可见受损泉眼。 针对总计96处泉眼及泉层，研究团队提出需开展水化学、微生物学及水源生物学（底栖动物）的初步调查研究，其中39处被推荐纳入长期监测范围。2004年秋季与2005年，上奥地利州石灰岩阿尔卑斯国家公园的专家团队启动了首批水源监测工作。研究团队对29处泉眼完成了总计43项饮用水分析标准参数的测定，并记录了初步的湖沼学与动物学调查结果。水质分析结果证实泉眼水质优良。但从微生物学视角来看，80%的泉眼仅能有限供人饮用，或完全不适宜人类饮用。不过正如诸多对比区域的研究结果所示，这一情况在北石灰岩阿尔卑斯的喀斯特区域属于常态。 首批生物群落调查不仅证实了该区域极高的自然保护价值，同时也揭示了严重的生态受损问题：泉眼物种群落正向溪流与池塘生物群落演替。该区域的动物区系组成属于典型的阿尔卑斯型，但多数泉眼的物种谱具有较高的独特性。在上苏尔茨卡尔区域发现的襀翅目物种为该区域的首次记录。除襀翅目昆虫类群外，在水生螺类（水源螺类）与水螨类群中，同样存在发现新物种的可能性。