Participants' characteristics and their mean scores on reading tests and a nonverbal intelligence test.

Note: Numbers inside the parentheses represent standard deviations. The handedness scores were calculated using the formula of [(Right – Left)/(Right + Left)] ×100, where a score of 100 represents complete right hander, while a score of −100 represents complete left hander. The scores for the reading and intelligence tests represent the number of correct items. The visual-auditory learning, English word identification, and English word attack are subtests of the Woodcock Reading Mastery Tests - Revised (WRMT-R); the sight word efficiency and phonemic decoding efficiency are subtests of the Test of Word Reading Efficiency (TOWRE).