TRANSIENT ISCHEMIC ATTACK (TIA): COMPREHENSIVE MANAGEMENT AND EVIDENCE-BASED APPROACH

Transient Ischemic Attack (TIA) is a neurological emergency characterized by transient focal cerebral, spinal, or retinal ischemia without evidence of acute infarction. Although symptoms resolve completely, TIA carries a high early risk of subsequent ischemic stroke, particularly within the first 48 hours. Rapid evaluation, risk stratification, urgent neuroimaging, and immediate initiation of secondary prevention strategies significantly reduce stroke recurrence. This paper reviews current evidence-based management of TIA, including diagnostic evaluation, antithrombotic therapy, vascular interventions, cardioembolic management, risk factor modification, and lifestyle interventions based on contemporary AHA/ASA and ESO guidelines.

短暂性脑缺血发作（Transient Ischemic Attack, TIA）是一类以一过性局灶性脑、脊髓或视网膜缺血为特征、无急性梗死证据的神经科急症。尽管其症状可完全缓解，但短暂性脑缺血发作具有较高的早期继发缺血性卒中风险，尤其在发病后的前48小时内。快速评估、风险分层、急诊神经影像学检查以及立即启动二级预防策略，可显著降低卒中复发风险。本文基于当代美国心脏协会/美国卒中协会（AHA/ASA）及欧洲卒中组织（ESO）指南，综述了目前基于证据的短暂性脑缺血发作管理方案，包括诊断评估、抗栓治疗、血管介入治疗、心源性栓塞管理、危险因素调整及生活方式干预。