Descriptive Statisticss.

Parental engagement in stimulating activities and the use of different discipline behaviors play a significant role in young children’s behavioral development. Psychological frameworks often posit that parental beliefs and psychological well-being are key drivers of these parental behaviors. However, the influence of parental beliefs and psychological well-being on these parenting behaviors, and consequently on children’s behavioral outcomes, remains understudied, particularly in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). We collected primary data from 267 parents of young children (Mage in months = 13.66; 52.06% girls) living in low-income households in Bogotá and Soacha, Colombia, and assessed how parental beliefs and psychological distress predict children’s behaviors through parental engagement in stimulation activities and use of violent punishment. Structural equation modeling indicated that positive parental beliefs about violence were linked to reduced engagement in stimulating activities, predicting lower child effortful control and positive affectivity, while parental psychological distress was associated with greater use of violent punishment, predicting lower effortful control and higher negative affectivity in children. These results underscore the importance of addressing parental beliefs and psychological well-being to support positive parenting behaviors and promote healthy behavioral development in young children, particularly in LMIC contexts.父母参与益智互动活动及采用不同教养行为模式，对幼儿的行为发展具有重要影响。心理学理论框架通常认为，父母的教养信念与心理福祉是驱动此类教养行为的核心因素。然而，父母教养信念与心理福祉对上述教养行为，进而对儿童行为结果的影响仍未得到充分研究，在中低收入国家（low- and middle-income countries, LMICs）这一问题尤为突出。本研究从哥伦比亚波哥大与索阿查的低收入家庭中招募了267名幼儿家长作为研究对象（幼儿平均月龄为13.66个月，女童占比52.06%），通过分析父母参与益智互动活动及使用暴力惩戒的情况，探究父母教养信念与心理困扰如何预测儿童的行为表现。结构方程模型（Structural Equation Modeling）分析结果显示，父母对暴力行为的正向认知与参与益智互动活动的程度呈负相关，进而预测幼儿的努力控制（effortful control）水平更低、积极情感性（positive affectivity）更弱；而父母的心理困扰则与暴力惩戒的使用频率正相关，进而导致幼儿的努力控制水平更低、消极情感性（negative affectivity）更强。本研究结果凸显了关注父母教养信念与心理福祉的重要性，以此助力积极教养行为的养成，促进幼儿的健康行为发展，在中低收入国家语境下这一点尤为关键。