Dataset to the article Southern Arabia Population Patterns and Intensity of Cultural Exchanges Across the Holocene Humid Period

Dataset to the article Southern Arabia Population Patterns and Intensity of Cultural Exchanges Across the Holocene Humid Period This publication was supported by the Ministry of Education and Sport of the Czech Republic and European Union (MEYS and EU), RESHUM project ‘Ready for the future: understanding longterm resilience of the human culture’, Reg. no. CZ.02.01.01/00/22_008/0004593. S1 data — Catalogue of 662 entire and partially complete projectile points from 53 archaeological sites in the Sultanate of Oman and the United Arab Emirates. Each record includes morphological, metrical, and technological attributes (15 selected characters, 61 character states) used to classify points into techno-complexes spanning the Final Palaeolithic and Neolithic periods (ca. 10,000–3,000 BCE). Artefacts belong to the collections of the Ministry of Heritage and Tourism of Oman and the Al-Ain Museum (UAE). S2 dates_om_uae_clean — Cleaned dataset of 346 radiocarbon determinations from 84 archaeological sites in Oman and the UAE, covering the Early and Middle Holocene (ca. 10,000–3,000 BCE). Includes balanced subsets of marine shell samples (n = 171, calibrated with Marine20 and a regional ΔR = 163 ± 51 ¹⁴C yr) and terrestrial charcoal/charred wood samples (n = 175, calibrated with IntCal20). Used to compute Summed Probability Distributions (SPDs) as a demographic proxy. S3 data_newclusters — Extended version of S1, with an additional column (CLUSTER) assigning each projectile point to one of eight final techno-clusters (A–H) identified through Multiple Correspondence Analysis (MCA) and K-means clustering. Cluster labels reflect distinct technological and morphological groupings used for aoristic time-series analysis. S4 Codes_Maiorano_Bortolini.R — R script (v4.5.2) containing all code used in the study, including: aoristic analysis and calculation of aoristic weights and sums per techno-cluster; Summed Probability Distribution (SPD) computation and taphonomic correction (Surovell et al. 2009); composite Kernel Density Estimation (cKDE); logistic demographic modelling; moving-window Pearson correlation between SPD and speleothem δ¹⁸O records; and Hill's diversity index calculation. Requires the rcarbon package. S5 Hoti — Z-scored stable oxygen isotope (δ¹⁸O) time series from Hoti Cave, northern Oman (Neff et al. 2001), binned into 200-year intervals. Used as a palaeoclimatic proxy for regional precipitation variability in northern Oman during the Holocene. Higher δ¹⁸O values indicate drier conditions; lower values indicate wetter conditions. S6 Qunf — Z-scored stable oxygen isotope (δ¹⁸O) time series from Qunf Cave, southern Oman (Fleitmann et al. 2007; Shah et al. 2013), binned into 200-year intervals. Used as a palaeoclimatic proxy primarily reflecting Indian Summer Monsoon intensity in southern Oman. Higher δ¹⁸O values indicate drier conditions; lower values indicate wetter conditions. S7 Palaeoenvironmental proxy from Hoti Cave — Full pairwise Spearman correlation table between the Hoti Cave δ¹⁸O record and demographic/technological proxies (corrected SPD, raw point counts, Hill's diversity index), computed over the study period. Supports assessment of climate–demography coupling in northern Oman. S8 Palaeoenvironmental proxy from Qunf Cave — Full pairwise Spearman correlation table between the Qunf Cave δ¹⁸O record and demographic/technological proxies (corrected SPD, raw point counts, Hill's diversity index), computed over the study period. Supports assessment of climate–demography coupling in southern Oman. S9 movingWin_Hoti.csv — Time-series output of moving-window Pearson correlation coefficients between the taphonomically corrected SPD and the Hoti Cave δ¹⁸O record. Correlations computed over 500-year windows shifted in 50-year steps, with all series resampled at 50-year intervals and z-scored prior to comparison. Used to identify transient phases of synchrony or divergence between demography and climate in northern Oman. S10 movingWin_Qunf.csv — Time-series output of moving-window Pearson correlation coefficients between the taphonomically corrected SPD and the Qunf Cave δ¹⁸O record. Same methodology as S9. Used to identify periods of coupling between population dynamics and monsoon-driven humidity in southern Oman. S11 Hamming.dist.R — R script for computing Hamming distances between projectile point records based on their discrete character states. Used to quantify inter-site technological similarity as a proxy for cultural interaction and exchange intensity across time. S12 Basic Terminology — Reference glossary defining the typological and technological terms used to name and classify projectile point types throughout the study (e.g., Fasad, Natif, Faya, Sharbithat, trihedral, planoconvex). Intended to aid readers unfamiliar with Arabian Neolithic lithic nomenclature in interpreting the datasets and figures. S13 Supplementary materials – Reference list — Bibliography of sources cited in the supplementary files but not included in the main article reference list. S14 Sites_and_Chrono bins — Table listing all archaeological sites included in the study with their associated chronological assignments and 200-year time-bin allocations used in the aoristic analysis. Provides the site-level temporal framework underlying the aoristic sums and SPD calculations.本数据集配套于论文《全新世湿润期南阿拉伯人口模式与文化交流强度》。 本研究受捷克共和国教育与体育部（MEYS）与欧盟（EU）资助，依托RESHUM项目“面向未来：理解人类文化的长期韧性”（项目注册号：CZ.02.01.01/00/22_008/0004593）完成。 S1 数据 —— 阿曼苏丹国与阿拉伯联合酋长国境内53处考古遗址出土的662件完整及部分完整投射尖状器（projectile points）目录。每条记录包含形态学、度量学与技术学属性（共15项选定特征、61个特征状态），用于将尖状器划分为覆盖旧石器时代晚期至新石器时代（约公元前10000年至公元前3000年）的技术复合体（techno-complexes）。这批文物隶属于阿曼遗产与旅游部及阿联酋艾因博物馆（Al-Ain Museum）馆藏。 S2 dates_om_uae_clean —— 经清洗后的数据集，包含阿曼与阿联酋境内84处考古遗址的346个放射性碳定年数据，覆盖早全新世至中全新世（约公元前10000年至公元前3000年）。数据集包含均衡的海相贝壳样本子集（n=171，采用Marine20校正与区域ΔR=163±51 ¹⁴C年进行校准）与陆相木炭/炭化木材样本子集（n=175，采用IntCal20校正）。该数据集用于计算总和概率分布（Summed Probability Distributions, SPDs）作为人口代理指标。 S3 data_newclusters —— S1数据的扩展版本，新增一列（CLUSTER），将每件投射尖状器归为通过多重对应分析（Multiple Correspondence Analysis, MCA）与K-means聚类识别出的8个最终技术簇（A至H）之一。簇标签反映了用于时序年代分析（aoristic time-series analysis）的差异化技术与形态分组。 S4 Codes_Maiorano_Bortolini.R —— 研究使用的R脚本（版本4.5.2），包含本研究全部代码，具体涵盖：时序年代分析、各技术簇的年代概率权重与总和计算；总和概率分布（SPD）计算与埋藏学校正（Surovell等，2009）；复合核密度估计（composite Kernel Density Estimation, cKDE）；逻辑斯蒂人口建模；SPD与洞穴石笋δ¹⁸O记录的滑动窗皮尔逊相关分析；以及希尔多样性指数（Hill's diversity index）计算。该脚本需依赖rcarbon包运行。 S5 Hoti —— 阿曼北部霍蒂洞（Hoti Cave）的标准化稳定氧同位素（δ¹⁸O）时间序列（Neff等，2001），已按200年间隔分箱。该序列用作全新世时期阿曼北部区域降水变化的古气候代理指标：δ¹⁸O值越高代表气候越干旱，值越低则代表气候越湿润。 S6 Qunf —— 阿曼南部孔夫洞（Qunf Cave）的标准化稳定氧同位素（δ¹⁸O）时间序列（Fleitmann等，2007；Shah等，2013），已按200年间隔分箱。该序列主要用作反映阿曼南部印度夏季风强度的古气候代理指标：δ¹⁸O值越高代表气候越干旱，值越低则代表气候越湿润。 S7 Palaeoenvironmental proxy from Hoti Cave —— 霍蒂洞δ¹⁸O记录与人口/技术代理指标（经校正的SPD、原始尖状器数量、希尔多样性指数）之间的完整两两斯皮尔曼相关表，基于研究时段计算得出。该数据集用于评估阿曼北部气候与人口之间的耦合关系。 S8 Palaeoenvironmental proxy from Qunf Cave —— 孔夫洞δ¹⁸O记录与人口/技术代理指标（经校正的SPD、原始尖状器数量、希尔多样性指数）之间的完整两两斯皮尔曼相关表，基于研究时段计算得出。该数据集用于评估阿曼南部气候与人口之间的耦合关系。 S9 movingWin_Hoti.csv —— 经埋藏学校正的SPD与霍蒂洞δ¹⁸O记录之间的滑动窗皮尔逊相关系数时间序列输出。相关分析采用500年窗口、以50年为步长滑动，所有序列均先以50年为间隔重采样并进行标准化处理后再进行比较。该数据集用于识别阿曼北部人口动态与气候之间出现同步或背离的短暂阶段。 S10 movingWin_Qunf.csv —— 经埋藏学校正的SPD与孔夫洞δ¹⁸O记录之间的滑动窗皮尔逊相关系数时间序列输出。分析方法与S9一致，用于识别阿曼南部人口动态与季风驱动湿度之间的耦合时期。 S11 Hamming.dist.R —— 用于基于离散特征状态计算投射尖状器记录之间汉明距离（Hamming distance）的R脚本。该脚本用于量化遗址间的技术相似性，作为跨时间尺度文化互动与交流强度的代理指标。 S12 Basic Terminology —— 参考术语表，对本研究中用于命名和分类投射尖状器类型的类型学与技术学术语进行定义（例如Fasad、Natif、Faya、Sharbithat、三面体、平凸形）。旨在帮助不熟悉阿拉伯新石器时代石器命名体系的读者理解本数据集与图表内容。 S13 Supplementary materials – Reference list —— 补充材料参考文献列表，收录了补充文件中引用但未列入主论文参考文献列表的文献来源。 S14 Sites_and_Chrono bins —— 表格列表，收录本研究涉及的全部考古遗址及其对应的年代归属与用于时序年代分析的200年时间箱分配情况。该表格提供了年代概率总和与SPD计算所依托的遗址级时间框架。