First confirmed records of Artemisia princeps (Asteraceae) in Canada: genomic and morphological evidence of naturalization

Data: trnL-F and ITS sequence alignments (fasta files), and results of the phylogenetic analyses (iqtree results and tree files). Methods: DNA sequence data from the plastid tRNA-Leu (trnL) gene and trnL-trnF intergenic spacer (trnL-F) and the nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region were analyzed to verify species identifications based on morphology. Total DNA was extracted and PCR-amplified following the protocols outlined in Verloove et al. (2020). Forward and reverse sequences were assembled using Geneious Prime v2023.2.1 (Biomatters, Auckland, New Zealand). The resulting sequences have been submitted to EMBL/GenBank under study number PRJEB91553. Alignments for trnL-F and ITS were performed using MUSCLE (Edgar 2004). Phylogenetic relationships were inferred using maximum likelihood with 1000 ultrafast bootstrap replicates and 100 standard bootstrap replicates in IQ-TREE v2.2.2.7 run via the IQ-TREE web server (http://iqtree.cibiv.univie.ac.at). Abstract: In this study, we report the first discovery of the Southeast Asian species Artemisia princeps, a member of the A. vulgaris complex, along the banks of the Fraser River in Greater Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, in 2011. Its identity was initially determined based on morphological features and later confirmed through molecular analyses. The species has since proven to have established extensive populations in the region. Herbarium revisions indicate that A. princeps was previously collected in the area in 1956 and 1989, though it was misidentified as A. vulgaris, a widespread Eurasian species. It is likely that A. princeps was intentionally introduced for medicinal purposes by Japanese immigrants over a century ago, after which it spread widely. Despite the known invasiveness of several species in the A. vulgaris complex, their ecological impacts remain understudied. In Greater Vancouver, A. vulgaris is the rarer of the two species, a pattern that may extend across North America. Consequently, American populations identified as A. vulgaris should be re-examined, also considering the potential presence of another closely related species, A. verlotiorum. This paper discusses the morphological distinctions between A. princeps, A. vulgaris, and A. verlotiorum, while also tracing the naturalization history of A. princeps in southwestern Canada.数据集：trnL-F与ITS序列比对文件（FASTA格式），以及系统发育分析结果（IQ-TREE分析结果与系统树文件）。 方法：本研究针对质体tRNA-Leu（trnL）基因、trnL-trnF基因间隔区（trnL-F）以及核核糖体DNA内转录间隔区（Internal Transcribed Spacer, ITS）的序列数据开展分析，以验证基于形态学特征的物种鉴定结论。总DNA提取与PCR扩增严格遵循Verloove等（2020）公布的实验方案。正反向序列通过Geneious Prime v2023.2.1（新西兰奥克兰Biomatters公司）完成拼接组装。所得序列已以研究编号PRJEB91553提交至EMBL/GenBank数据库。trnL-F与ITS序列的比对采用MUSCLE软件（Edgar 2004）完成。系统发育关系推断采用最大似然法，通过IQ-TREE v2.2.2.7软件（依托IQ-TREE官方服务器http://iqtree.cibiv.univie.ac.at运行），设置1000次超快速自展重复与100次标准自展重复进行分析。 摘要：本研究报道了2011年在加拿大不列颠哥伦比亚省大温哥华地区弗雷泽河沿岸首次发现东南亚物种南艾蒿（Artemisia princeps，隶属于普通艾蒿复合群A. vulgaris complex）的案例。该物种的分类身份最初通过形态学特征确定，后续经分子分析得到验证。目前该物种已在该区域建立起大面积种群。标本馆馆藏标本修订结果显示，1956年与1989年该区域曾采集到A. princeps标本，但当时被误鉴定为广泛分布于欧亚大陆的普通艾蒿（A. vulgaris）。研究推测，一个多世纪前日本移民为药用目的有意引入该物种，随后其在当地广泛扩散。尽管普通艾蒿复合群中的多个物种已被证实具有入侵性，但相关生态影响仍未得到充分研究。在大温哥华地区，A. vulgaris是两个物种中较为稀有的一种，这一分布模式可能在北美其他地区同样存在。因此，此前被鉴定为A. vulgaris的北美种群需要重新检视，同时需考虑是否存在另一种近缘物种野艾蒿（A. verlotiorum）。本文探讨了A. princeps、A. vulgaris与A. verlotiorum的形态差异，并追溯了A. princeps在加拿大西南部的归化历史。