Implementing Gender Provisions: A Study of the Comprehensive Agreement on the Bangsamoro in the Philippines

While scholars on gender provisions have focused on why and how this type of peace agreement clause gets incorporated, few studies have sought to improve our understanding of the implementation process. Addressing this gap empirically, this study utilizes unique interview material to analyze the initial stages of realizing the 2014 Comprehensive Agreement on the Bangsamoro in the Philippines. The article bridges and expands on key theoretical insights based on three explanations suggested by previous research: 1) state capacity on promoting gender equality; 2) the mobilization of women’s organizations; and 3) gender awareness of international actors. We find that the strategic actions of women’s organizations combined with state capacity accelerated the implementation. However, their influence was dependent on whether or not the government prioritized the gender provisions, and whether international actors provided financial support to the agreement infrastructure.尽管研究性别条款（gender provisions）的学者们已围绕此类和平协定条款的纳入动因与实施路径展开了诸多探讨，但鲜有研究致力于加深我们对其落地执行进程的认知。本研究以实证方式弥补这一研究空白，借助独家访谈资料，对菲律宾《2014年邦萨摩洛全面协定（Comprehensive Agreement on the Bangsamoro）》的落地实施初始阶段展开分析。本文基于既往研究提出的三类解释框架，衔接并拓展了核心理论视角：1）国家促进性别平等的治理能力；2）妇女组织的动员效能；3）国际行为体的性别认知。研究发现，妇女组织的战略行动与国家治理能力的结合，加快了协定的落地进程。但二者的影响效力取决于两大前提：一是政府是否将性别条款列为优先落实事项，二是国际行为体是否为协定执行支撑体系提供资金支持。