Enantioselective 1,3-Dipolar Cycloaddition of Nitrones to Methacrolein Catalyzed by (η⁵-C₅Me₅)M{(<i>R</i>)-Prophos} Containing Complexes (M = Rh, Ir; (<i>R</i>)-Prophos = 1,2-bis(Diphenylphosphino)propane): On the Origin of the Enantioselectivity

The rhodium and iridium Lewis-acid cations [(η5-C5Me5)M{(R)-Prophos}(H2O)]2+ ((R)-Prophos = 1,2-bis(diphenylphosphino)propane) efficiently catalyze the enantioselective 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition of nitrones to methacrolein. Reactions occur with perfect endo selectivity and with enantiomeric excesses up to 96%. Intermediates [(η5-C5Me5)M{(R)-Prophos}(methacrolein)](SbF6)2 (M = Rh (3), Ir (4)) have been spectroscopically and crystallographically characterized. The nitrone complexes [(η5-C5Me5)M{(R)-Prophos}(nitrone)](SbF6)2 (M = Rh, nitrone = 1-pyrrolidine N-oxide (5), 2,3,4,5,-tetrahydropyridine N-oxide (6), 3,4-dihydroisoquinoline N-oxide (7); M = Ir, nitrone = 1-pyrrolidine N-oxide (8)) have been isolated and characterized including the X-ray crystal structure of compounds 6 and 8. The equilibrium between methacrolein and nitrone complexes is also studied. [Ir]-adduct complexes are detected by 31P NMR spectroscopy. A catalytic cycle involving [M]-methacrolein, [M]-nitrone, as well as [M]-adduct species is proposed, the first complex being the true catalyst. The absolute configuration of the adduct 4-methyl-2-N,3-diphenyl-isoxazolidine-4-carbaldehyde (9) was determined through its (S)-(−)-α-methylbenzylamine derivative diastereomer. Structural parameters strongly suggest that the disposition of the methacrolein in 3 and 4 is fixed by CH/π attractive interactions between the pro-S phenyl ring of the Ph2PCH(CH3) moiety of the (R)-Prophos ligand and the CHO aldehyde proton. Proton NMR data indicate that this conformation is maintained in solution. From the structural data and the results of catalysis the origin of the enantioselectivity is discussed.