Dataset Direct Download Service (WFS): Planned Habitat Improvement Operation (OPAH) of the Nièvre Department (58)

Established in 1977, the programmed habitat improvement operations (OPAH) have been the main tool for the rehabilitation of urban centres and rural towns for the past 30 years. Other tools have been created to respond to territorial, technical and social specificities: declination of OPAH (rural, urban, degraded condominiums), General Interest Programmes (GIPs) and Thematic Social Programs (PST).
A planned housing improvement operation aims to rehabilitate built heritage and improve housing comfort through subsidies, as well as to reclassify a neighbourhood, a city, or a rural area as a whole. They tend to improve the supply of housing, in particular rental accommodation and thus maintain or develop neighbourhood services in line with the PLH. The OPAH responds above all to a local project, carried out by the local authority concerned, which the State supports as part of the challenges of national solidarity and the fight against exclusion through housing, which it promotes. There are mainly four types of OPAH:
— The ordinary OPAH whose purpose is to upgrade neighbourhoods and their habitat;
— The OPAH of urban renewal, which aims to deal with “the most difficult urban and social areas by creating schemes involving land or real estate interventions and coercive tools under public law (treatment of unsanitary, demolitions.)”. It coordinates different tools (PRI, RHI, PSMV, ZPPAUP);
— The rural revitalisation OPAH, which concerns rural areas in the process of ‘devitalisation’. These are rural areas characterised by demographic imbalances, income imbalances and difficult living conditions.
— The co-ownership OPAH which offers a framework for the prevention and treatment of fragile condominiums requiring the support of the public authorities in carrying out the works essential for the conservation of buildings.
The OPAHs are designed and implemented jointly by the State (the Prefect of the Region sets priorities and allocates aid), the ANAH and the authorities which sign an agreement. The agreement shall specify, in particular, the scope of intervention: the community concerned shall define these areas and set the objectives therein, in consultation with the ANAH.
OPAHs can take place over 5 years (maximum time limit) with a minimum of 3 years. OPAHs are legally defined by Article L303-1 of the Construction and Housing Code (CCH). See also: http://www.lesopah.fr/
The old OPAHs (i.e. those completed) no longer appear in these data and are archived.

该规划型居住环境改善行动（Programmed Habitat Improvement Operations，以下简称OPAH）始于1977年，近30年来一直是城市中心与乡村集镇复兴的核心工具。为应对地域、技术与社会层面的特殊需求，后续又衍生出多种配套工具：包括OPAH的细分类型（面向乡村、城市、脆弱共管社区）、公共利益项目（General Interest Programmes，以下简称GIP）以及主题社会项目（Thematic Social Programs，以下简称PST）。
规划型居住环境改善行动旨在通过补贴手段修复建筑遗产、提升居住舒适度，同时对街区、城市或乡村区域进行整体重新规划。此类行动往往会优化住房供给，尤其是租赁住房供给，进而依照PLH的要求维持或发展街区配套服务。
OPAH本质上是由相关地方当局牵头实施的本地项目，国家通过住房领域的全国团结与反排斥战略框架提供支持，以此推动项目落地。OPAH主要分为四类：
1. 普通型OPAH：旨在升级街区及其居住环境；
2. 城市更新型OPAH：旨在应对“最棘手的城市与社会问题区域”，通过制定涉及土地或房地产干预的方案，并借助公法强制工具（如卫生隐患整治、建筑拆除等）推进工作。该类型行动会协调多种工具（PRI、RHI、PSMV、ZPPAUP）；
3. 乡村振兴型OPAH：面向处于“活力衰退”进程中的乡村区域。此类区域普遍存在人口失衡、收入失衡与居住条件困难等特征；
4. 共管社区型OPAH：为脆弱共管社区提供预防与整治框架，这类社区需要公共当局支持以开展建筑保护必需的工程作业。
OPAH由国家（大区区长负责设定优先级并分配援助资金）、法国国家住房局（Agence Nationale de l'Habitat，以下简称ANAH）以及签署合作协议的相关当局联合规划与实施。合作协议需明确干预范围：相关社区应与ANAH协商后，划定干预区域并设定区域内的发展目标。
OPAH的实施周期最短为3年，最长不超过5年。OPAH在《建筑与住房法典》（Code de la Construction et de l'Habitat，以下简称CCH）的L303-1条中已有法律明确定义。更多信息可参考：http://www.lesopah.fr/
已完成的旧版OPAH不再纳入本数据集，仅作存档留存。