Artefacts urbanistiques en périphérie de rio de janeiro: la technologie du lotissement***

Abstract The spatial ordering of Rio de Janeiro’s poor suburbs, through subdivision (loteamento), did not raise such interest among anthropologists. Based on documents, mostly urban plans, and legislation, we intend to make a “genealogy” (Foucault) of the subdivision, giving attention to technical and political rationalities. We argue that the subdivision owes much to the “graphic reason” (Goody), to the kind of operations that the use of “graphic artifacts” allows. Moreover, this technology responds to specific problems: during colonial times, government regulated street opening in order to defend public spaces. At the end of the eighteenth century, the problem was how to reform the road network. Current subdivision regulations come from the early twentieth century, when new issues about collective needs aroused. Far from being an illegal city, poor suburbs appear as a laboratory for urban planning.摘要 里约热内卢贫困郊区通过土地细分（subdivision, loteamento）实现的空间秩序，并未在人类学界引发同等程度的关注。本研究以城市规划文件为主的各类文献与立法资料为基础，拟对土地细分展开福柯笔下的"谱系学"（genealogy）研究，并聚焦其中蕴含的技术与政治理性。本研究认为，土地细分的发展极大依托于古迪提出的"图形理性"（graphic reason），以及图形制品（graphic artifacts）的应用所催生的各类操作逻辑。此外，该技术还针对性回应了特定历史时期的治理需求：殖民时期，殖民政府通过规范街道开辟行为以维护公共空间；至18世纪末，治理重点转向如何重构城市道路网络。现行的土地细分管理规范诞生于20世纪初，彼时关于公共集体需求的全新议题开始浮现。贫困郊区绝非所谓的"非法城市"，反而成为城市规划的天然实验场。